As a western yogi, I have learned to practice in my body through the study of asana (postures). Over the course of ten years, my practice has also allowed me to get in touch with a more spiritual side of myself, and to develop a deeper sense of self-awareness. Yoga has inadvertently taught me to go through my life mindfully, to make choices that are aligned with my values and that bring me closer to fulfilling my life’s purpose. In many ways, yoga has been my guide and my life-study. I recently decided to travel to India, the birthplace of yogic practice and tradition, to explore the more esoteric aspects of yoga; those aspects that transcend what happens in the body and provide access to a more spiritual state of being.
The mastery of asana is undeniably an important part of the yoga practice, but it is just a single step on the path to enlightenment – that higher state of consciousness, internal peace and freedom that each of us seeks. The eight limbs of yoga, as outlined in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, lay the foundations of that path, the path of Ashtanga yoga (ashta=eight, anga=limb). The eight limbs are important pieces in the puzzle of life –they present a roadmap to living with purpose, discipline and dedication to a higher power.
The eight limbs of Ashtanga yoga are yama (ethical standards), niyama (self-observances), asana (postures), pranayama (breath), pratyahara (sense-withdrawal), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and Samadhi (enlightenment). These eight limbs “serve as a prescription for moral and ethical conduct and self-discipline; they direct attention toward one’s health; and they help us to acknowledge the spiritual aspects of our nature.”
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Yama is the first limb referring to how we relate to the outside world. In other words, it serves as a representation of one’s ethical standards. The five yamas/moral principles are:
- Ahimsa, or non-violence. Violence can be described as physical injury or harm, but it can also mean contempt and lack of respect towards oneself and others. In practicing ahimsa, we strive to be kind and loving, in thoughts and deeds, not only towards other people, but also towards ourselves.
- Satya is the Sanskrit word for truth. Truth does not only translate to honesty in relationship to others, but also to one’s own intuition, to recognizing your inner truth in the pursuit of your life’s purpose.
- Asteya means non-stealing. One can steal someone else’s possessions, but also their time, happiness and overall wellbeing. In that respect, “non-stealing includes not only taking what belongs to another without permission, but also using something for a different purpose to that intended, or beyond the time permitted by its owner.”
- Brahmacharya translates to abstinence, in the case of sexual energy. Brahmacharya does not necessarily imply celibacy, but rather suggests that we should use our sexual energy constructively, in the pursuit of our higher purpose, and never to harm others. Brachmacharya teaches us that we should create connections and “form relationships that foster our understanding of the highest truths.”
- Aparigraha is non-hoarding, non-covetousness. This yama urges one to let go of their attachment to material possessions and to free themselves from greed. To practice aparigraha also means to understand that life is impermanent, and that change is a necessary part of human growth. Approach every situation with an open mind, free of any pre-conceived notions or set expectations of the outcome.
Niyama presents the principles of self-observance. The five niyamas speak to the way we treat ourselves through our actions and thoughts. The niyamas also relate to the choices we make to create a more fulfilling life and to foster our spiritual nature as human beings.
- Saucha promotes purity of body, mind and soul. Saucha does not simply translate to keeping our bodies clean, but also to cleansing the mind of negative thoughts and emotions.
- Santosha means contentment, satisfaction with what is. The one who knows santosha, also understands the meaning of inner peace. Santosha is the art of being present to experience life and all it has to offer.
- Tapas signifies fire. This principle speaks about practicing austerity and discipline to remove all obstacles in the way of achieving our higher purpose. The practice of tapas is the practice of eliminating self-destructive tendencies and creating healthy habits that nourish the body and support intellectual and spiritual growth.
- Svadhyaya is self-study, or self-examination. Svadhyaya is the practice of cultivating self-awareness, which allows us to pay attention to and understand our innermost desires, qualities and limitations. Svadhyaya is a lifelong practice which determines the course of our evolution. We must accept life’s impermanence and embrace the changes that occur in our inner and outer world. Change urges us to explore beyond what’s familiar and comfortable, helping us to learn and grow as individuals.
- Isvarapranidhana means surrender to a higher power. This is the notion that everything we experience is part of the Universe’s plan for our life; that there is a greater power that guides us on the path to spiritual awareness.
Asana is the third limb of yoga, which is the practice of physical postures. The regular practice of asanas moves the body, and helps to cleanse it of toxins. It also fosters concentration and quiets the mind, which is necessary for the practice of meditation. The process of mastering asana allows the practitioner to explore the emotions and distractions that arise in the face of physical challenge. This, in turn, helps to cultivate a sense of mindfulness and self-awareness in everything we do in life, on or off the mat.
Pranayama is the control and direction of the breath. Our breath is the only part of the sympathetic nervous system we have control over. Ancient yogis understood the healing power of prana (breath, life force). Pranayama practice is an important part of yoga, and it works in unison with the practice of asana. Breath is linked to movement to create a sense of peace and stillness in the mind. Regular pranayama practice strengthens the respiratory system, calms the nervous system and prepares the mind for meditation.
Pratyahara promotes withdrawal of the senses, “the practice of non-attachment to sensorial distractions.” When we allow our senses to withdraw from our outwardly experiences, we start to focus within, to connect with our inner wisdom. Our senses play an important role in how we experience the world around us, but the overuse of the senses creates internal imbalance. If we manage to control the senses through the practice of yoga, we are able to draw our attention inward and achieve inner peace.
Dharana is a state of prolonged concentration. We tame the senses through pratyahara to allow our attention to focus within. Quieting the mind and slowing down the thinking process is a difficult task, but we achieve it through focusing our attention on a single object, the vibrations of our breath, an image, or a chosen mantra.
Dhyana is the seventh limb of ashtanga yoga — meditation. Meditation is the practice of undisturbed concentration. In a state of meditation, the mind is quiet; time and matter cease to exist as we tap into the Universal source of consciousness where everything is part of the whole. ”Meditation becomes our tool to see things clearly and perceive reality beyond the illusions that cloud our mind.” This is a process that takes time, discipline and continuous practice.
Samadhi is the final stage of yoga, the experience of bliss and freedom. At this stage of consciousness, the body and senses are asleep while the mind is awake and alert. Samadhi is an experience of infinite wisdom and understanding, a sense of unity with all things. In a state of Samadhi, we become an integral part of the Universe, uncovering the source of our creation and the very meaning of existence.
Achieving samadhi, infinite knowledge, wisdom and peace, is the ultimate goal of yoga. It is what, deep down, every human being aspires to. To practice yoga is to understand that all things exist in unison, and that there is no separation between your mind, body and spirit.
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